Easy to Learn Essay Example for Free

Easy to Learn Essay Here are some interesting stories for all the god’s fan†¦. 1.Sachin was given a pair of pads by his cricket hero Sunil Gavaskar when he was a schoolboy – and he made his Test debut for India against Pakistan aged just 16-years old in 1989 wearing those very pads†¦.. 2.Like loads of other cricketers, Sachin is pretty superstitious – he’ll always put on his left pad before his right whenever he’s getting padded up†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3.â€Å"He hasn’t spent Diwali at home since we got married. But it really doesn’t matter that it’s Diwali†¦ any time he spends at home is great!† – Anjali, his wife, told once†¦ Once in a BBC interview when asked about his dream women, Sachin answered ‘my wife’ without batting an eyelid. 4.†He scored a fantastic 148 in Shane Warne’s debut Test in Sydney and then followed it up with another century at Perth, one of the toughest pitches in the world, where Indians have traditionally struggled. The value of his hundred increased because all the other Indian batsmen struggled. His weakness is the fact that he is so talented. His adrenaline pumps strongly when he walks out to bat with the noise of the crowds. You can’t hear yourself think with that noise. I would pay $1000 to watch Sachin bat. To score a 148 at Sydney – and that too when you are 18 — was out of the ordinary though the wicket was a lot like the ones you encounter in India, flat with lots of runs for the taking†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.† The above facts are told by Allan Border. 5.The entire cricket world is convinced of one thing : Sachin Ramesh Tendulkar is the world’s best batsman. Not just for his extraordinary skill, not just for his ability to tear even the most formidable of bowling attacks to shreds; but also for a rare never-say-die spirit, an insatiable hunger for runs and victory, a desire to dominate the opponent ; commitment, dedication †¦ These are what the little champion has built his reputation on. .. 6.Tendulkar was a person who would never show any disrespect to the national flag..He respects the national flag most and had even sought permission to use the tricolour on his helmet†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ It’s not the riches or the records but the love for the game that keeps the world’s richest cricketer going day after day. It is his hard work, determination, temperament dedication for the country that keeps him charged†¦. 7.Tendulkar, now in his eighteenth year in international cricket says, †I still play†¦ because I still love the game.† †I would like to clarify this. It’s not about records. It’s all about loving the game and enjoying being out there in the middle. That is extremely special to me and far bigger than breaking records or creating new ones.† †Creating records happens after you’ve gone on the cricket field, but you’ve got to find a reason to go on the cricket field, and for me the reason is very clear.† †From the age of three I’ve loved this sport and I’ve never thought about scoring the most number of centuries or runs in international cricket. Everyone enjoys breaking records, I’m enjoying it too, but that is not the reason for playing cricket.† â€Å"Whatever level you reach, getting better never stops†-Sachin. Tendulkar said †When I started playing, I always wanted to be regarded as one of the best and the idea was that when I stopped playing, people would remember my name. Being regarded as one of the best players is always a good feeling, and that drives you, it refuels you completely. You want to be on top of your game all the time and push yourself harder and harder. There’s a huge responsibility and it is a great challenge. I love that,† he added†¦.. 8.Some quotes by GOD himself†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ My big sister gave it to me after returning from a trip to Kashmir, which is known for its high-quality willows. It wasn’t the best bat, but it was like a piece of gold to me. I used to imagine myself batting for India, hitting fours and sixes, the people cheering. I used that bat until it broke .. I was the only one supporting John McEnroe — everyone used to call me â€Å"Mac† because I styled myself on him. I made my father buy me the same headbands and sweatbands and even grew my hair long. You wouldn’t believe the pictures of me from that time. I was also extremely naughty. Very, very difficult to handle. †¦I had a nanny who used to run after me virtually 24 hours a day, because I never wanted to go home My father, who died in 1999, was never a cricket fan, not at all. He was a writer and a poet: he taught Marathi, my mother tongue, at the local university. But he understood exactly how to get the best out of me. He always encouraged me and told my mother that he had full faith in me. It was probably reverse psychology, but as I got older I felt like I could not misuse that trust. He warned me against taking short cuts and told me to just keep playing, despite the ups and downs. My parents taught me that it is important to live every day of your life with grace and honour.When it came to choosing between cricket and going to university, he said: â€Å"You can play cricket, I know that is your first love, so go for it.† Of course, my parents were extremely happy when I became the youngest player to play for India, at 16. .. Cricket is something very, very special to me. It has never been about owning this or that car and the other things that come with this life.. An obsession with money or worldly matters was always thumbed down. My only dream was to wear the Indian cap and the Indian colours. In that respect, my childhood dreams have come true†¦.. Having children brings back all my old childhood memories, wonderful years. Now, every minute is measured and calculated. I still dream — without dreams, life is flat, you stagnate. I don’t go to the temple every morning, but I do pray. I thank God for everything he has given me, because life has been very good to me. 9.Chappell should remember how Tendulkar has achieved his greatness and carried the weight of expectations of a billion people since the age of 16, Jadeja said. He added â€Å"When tendulkar enters the field, the crowd says-SACHIN! SACHIN! This is something what every cricketer wants†.. Sachin Tendulkar, the brightest star in the world of cricket has achieved his greatest prices with his intellectual and skilful cricketing brains.. SACHIN dreamt a world of superstars and great triumph and he achieved it.. At the age of 10 he walked to the field at 6 am with a cricket bag bigger than him for the practice. At the age of 11 he moved with his paternal uncle to get trained in cricket by the most renowned coach Ramakanth Achrekar. .. 10.Billions of hearts weep†¦..on the day when Sachin (GOD) retire. Indians wish that day never comes. It would be one of the most disappointing days of our life. Ever since Indians started watching cricket, it was Sachin, Sachin only Sachin who made them feel cricket so special. Sachin is only responsible for making cricket a religion in India. They haven’t experienced watching cricket without Sachin. Whether he was injured/rested, there was always a ray of hope that he comes back to team soon. But after retirement, he will never be backing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..If anyone wants to achieve anything in life, Sachin is the best example for them. I feel most people find it hard to digest that Sachin will no more be a part of Indian cricket†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.on that day, isn’t it? JUST imagine that day, when Sachin plays his last game. He comes to bat for the last time, and everybody in the stadium claps the chants of SACHIN!!! came for the last time after he gets out, while walking back to the pavilion, the entire crowd gives him a stand awaition. Many of them will be in tears, millions of eyes wet watching their hero play for the last time. An era ends. The end of a legend came†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..The bond between every generation breaks. Would you miss Sachin a lot? I think most of people would say â€Å"YES†. The saddest day of Indian cricket- when genius retires†¦LOVE YOU SACHIN!!! 11.From the early 90s to the early years of the new millennium represented the decade of Brian Lara, Richardson, Martin Crowe, Steve and Mark Waugh, Mathew Hayden, Inzamam-ul-Haq, Gary Kirsten and Rahul Dravid. But there can be any doubt that the No.1 batsman in the world for a decade now has been Master Blaster, Sachin Tendulkar. . But figures, however important they may be, are something that Tendulkar’s achievement should not be measured by. He should be judged by the manner of his batting that is what Bradman did. Symbolized by Sir Bradman naming him in his dream team of all time. The team in which Tendulkar is the only Indian player. He has scored runs on slow pitches of the subcontinent, fast tracks of West Indies, bouncy wickets in Australia and South Africa and in whirling conditions in New Zealand and England. The thought of having Tendulkar as an opponent gives bowlers bad dreams. No batsman has inflicted such psychological damage to bowlers at any time in the world like Tendulkar did to Shane Warne!!!(Warne said Tendulkar is my nightmare). His technique is so well organized that he is able to encounter any delivery with ease and comfort, giving the impression of having all the time in the world to play the stroke, the hallmark of the greatest of batsmen.

Grover Cleveland Essay Example for Free

Grover Cleveland Essay What two issues dominated national politics in the 1870s and 1880s? The money supply and civil-service reform What happened to James Garfields presidency? It never really got started because he was assassinated soon after coming to office. Describe voter participation during the late nineteenth century. It was generally very high––usually from 80 percent up to 95 percent. Why did the federal government tend to ignore the social consequences of industrialization during the late nineteenth century? Most American leaders, regardless of party, believed in the laissez-faire doctrine and did not support a large governmental role in the economy. Where was the Democratic Party strongest in the late nineteenth century? The South What is the Bankers: position on the money supply? limit, because it would create economic stability What did the civil-service reformers of the late 1870s and early 1880s want? a civil service staffed by gentlemen who needed nothing and wanted nothing from government except the satisfaction of using their talents. What were goals of the Greenback party? What is the tariff policy of the administration of Benjamin Harrison? A record-high tariff What did the Pendleton Act do? It initiated civil-service reform. Describe the 1884 presidential campaign. Mugwumps bolted from the Republican Party. Cleveland admitted he had fathered an illegitimate child. A clergyman denounced Democrats as the party of â€Å"rum, Romanism, and rebellion.† The Republicans nominated a candidate who â€Å"wallowed in spoils like a rhinoceros in an African pool.† What impact did the McKinley tariff have on tariff rates? It raised tariffs to the highest levels in American history up until that time. What was the Grange? AKA the Patrons of Husbandry It was an organization of farmers that provided social, political and economic support and community What was the main importance of the governments establishment of the Interstate Commerce Commission? It ended the ability of states to regulate railroads within their boundaries. What was the initial commitment of the farmers alliance movement. The movement initially advocated farmers cooperatives and eventually turned to politics. What did Southern Alliance leader Charles Macune argue? Farmers should be able to store crops in government warehouses and then borrow against those crops until prices rose. During the late nineteenth century, what was the relationship between the southern agrarian protest movement and southern attitudes toward blacks? Some Populists wanted to build an interracial movement and tried to defend the rights of blacks. Most southern Populists were anti-black but some Populists denounced lynchings and the convict-lease system. The white elite tried to inflame agrarian racism and stimulate urban black sentiment against agrarian radicalism. What were the goals of the Populist party? It wanted the government to nationalize the railroads. It wanted an increased money supply. It wanted to elect U.S. senators directly. It wanted to enact a graduated income tax. What tools did southern states use to disenfranchise blacks after Reconstruction? literacy tests, poll taxes, grandfather clauses, property requirements In late-nineteenth-century cases dealing with the rights of blacks, what did the Supreme Court decide? What did the Supreme Court argue in Plessy v. Ferguson? Racial segregation was constitutional as long as each race had equal facilities. What did the separate but equal doctrine mean? As long as facilities were equivalent, they did not have to be integrated. What did Booker T. Washington argue? That black Americans should work hard, develop personally, and refrain from open rebellion How were blacks treated in the North during the late nineteenth century? Public opinion sanctioned widespread de facto discrimination. In the 1892 election, what happened to the Populist party? It received over 1 million votes across the nation. Why did confidence in the gold standard had weakened in the early 1890s? The flow of gold out of the country The inflationary policies of the Democrats A decline in revenue brought about by the high tariff The collapse of a leading London investment bank What event triggered the Panic of 1893? The collapse of a railroad stocks and bonds. Why was the 1892 election significant to U.S. history? The Populist party showed it was a potential threat to the Republican and Democratic parties. Why did Grover Cleveland propose a reduction of the tariff rates? The tariff was feeding a large and growing federal budget surplus. What did Coxeys army want? A $500 million public-works program funded with paper money What did the Wilson-Gorman tariff do? It lowered some duties and made many concessions to protectionists. It became law without the presidents signature. It included a tax on income. What was the main issue in the 1896 presidential election? Free silver Who became famous for the â€Å"Cross of Gold† speech in the 1896 presidential election? William Jennings Bryan In the 1896 election, which area was a center of William McKinleys political support? Urban areas Why is the Currency Act of 1900 significant? It committed the United States to the gold standard. In the 1880s and 1890s, why did many Americans argue that the United States should take a more expansionist role in the world? for the United States to be a great nation, it had to have an empire. American economic health depended on finding overseas markets for American products. Americans had a mission to bring Christianity and civilization to the worlds weaker races. a great nation had to have a great navy, and a great navy needed bases abroad. How did Josiah Strong influence American imperialism at the end of the 19th century? asserted that the United States had a moral responsibility to civilize other races. What were the reasons for the strengthening of American ties to Hawaii in the late nineteenth century? Both missionary activity and naval activity sugar plantation expansion and the election of William McKinley. Who wrote The Influence of Sea Power on History? Alfred Thayer Mahan Where did the United States and Germany almost have a naval clash in the late 19th century? Panama What did the the Teller amendment assert? The U.S. Congress had no desire for control of Cuba. How did William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer change the newspaper industry? They competed for readers by writing sensationalized stories that captured the readers attention. How did the United States deal with Cuba after the Spanish-American War? It kept American troops in Cuba for a number of years. It improved public health, education, and sanitation on the island. It asserted the right to intervene in Cuba when it was necessary. It established a permanent naval base on the island at Guantanamo Bay. Who were the American expansionists in the late nineteenth century? John Hay, Alfred T. Mahan, Henry Cabot Lodge What happened in the Philippines after the Spanish-American War? Filipino resistance fighters fought a protracted and bloody guerrilla war against United States rule. Which of the following was ceded to the United States by Spain as a result of the Spanish-American War? Guam

Epistemological Assumptions And Issues In Research Psychology Essay

Epistemological Assumptions And Issues In Research Psychology Essay This paper the researcher constructs the epistemological issues which normally arise when any research methodology is applied in practice rather than the conventional approach. Normally the epistemological position deduce from what the researcher already know about the philosophical underpinnings of the situated systems approach, the researcher is taking the path of using an empirical study of the epistemology in use throughout a comparative application of the methodologies. To complete this paper, the researcher also uses one specific research approach from different research paradigms. In this study the researcher will give a brief idea about, how to conduct survey of a research from. This paper will also describe and evaluate the epistemological assumptions. 1.1. Epistemological assumptions The epistemology is the procedure of the theory of knowledge. This issue is concerning the major question that is regarding as obtainable discipline in the field of knowledge. (Bryman, 2001, p. 11). Normally this process is following the two major traditional procedures. One is positivism and another one is interpretivism or hermeneutics. 1.1.1. Positivism The process of the positivism is an epistemological process that is always try to investigate that proper methods of natural science of the study for social reality and the its beyond. (Bryman, 2001, p. 506). The ways of its investigation is extremely difficult. For this it can be summarised in different ways. This assumption is base on the science that should be verifiable and free form subjectivity. The fundamental notation of its object is found out the reality when and where and who is observing it. (Lundahl Skarvad, 1993). 1.1.2. Interpretivism/Hermeneutics The interpretive research is means the assumption process of access to reality all the way through social structures which is including the language, the perceptions and the particular meanings of sharing. There are two base of this process; one is hermeneutics another one is phenomenology. (Boland, 1991). Normally the process of interpretive research tries to find out the actual meanings via the people assign to them. This process is mainly concentrating the full complexity of human better understanding in the context of two situations, such as independent variables and the indeterminate dependent. (Kaplan and Maxwell, 1994). On the other hand the hermeneutics approaches is the process that is original concept where the individual group combining the situation in the written text which is referring the respondents overview to the authors. (Ratcliff, 1999; Bleicher, 1980). This process is mainly featuring the meaning of the text analogue. 1.1.3. Identifying Epistemological Approaches Epistemology refers to the nature of knowledge. There are three questions are mainly used for identifying the epistemological approach (Chua 1986; Hirschheim et al. 1995; Denzin and Lincoln 2000). They are; What can be known? What is the relationship between the knower and the known? And How do we find things out? Though the first question is regarding the ontological question but the third question methodological issues, these are informed by the epistemological position. These three questions of the epistemological positions compare the two approaches. What can be known? There are different ideas are between the conventional analyst and the situated analyst about what can be known. Fundamental to the situated theory of action are the ideas that knowledge is embedded in action and that action is situated in the environment. Implicit in the approach of the conventional analyst was the position that what can be known is that which can be articulated and ultimately represented in the system. (Waller. et al, 2006). What is the relationship between the knower and the known? The situated analyst and the conventional analyst adopted very different relationships with the known, that is, with the system under study. Whereas the conventional analyst would typically be characterised as a detached observer, the situated analyst became a participant observer and actually worked as a dispatcher at the different research approach. (Waller. et al, 2006). How do we find things out? In order to identify opportunities for improvement the situated analyst used the situated systems methodology to evaluate the work practices against stated and tacit goals and constraints. Any identified opportunities for improvement were grounded in the data. In contrast, it appeared that the conventional analyst had an a priori concept of what a system should be like and that he identified problems by reference to this ideal type. 1.1.4. Summary of the epistemological position This paper an investigation of the epistemological commitments of the developing situated methodology and also the conventional approaches. This can be analysed by according to the concept of Waller. et al, (2006), What can be known Relationship between knower and known How we find things out Conventional approach Articulated knowledge Analytical distance Detached observation, comparison to ideal types Present approach Both articulated knowledge and tacit knowledge Influence of the environment Analyst takes subject position of an actor in the system, while also having analytical distance Immersion in the system Adapted from: Waller. V, Johnston. B. Robert and Milton. K. Simon., (2006), An Empirical Investigation of the Epistemological Assumptions Underlying Two ISD Approaches. Pg.7. 2.1. Research method The research procedure for any study is designing based on the research objectives. In this paper the researcher selected one specific research approach and how to construct the survey in the overall research process. The more detailed research field survey procedure for data collection has been described in the following. There is also some description of qualitative analysis will be describe in this paper. 2.1.1. Survey planning The survey planning was designed by gathering both quantitative and qualitative data from primary and secondary sources for every research. In field survey the researcher faces two types of problem in the field. At first the researcher decided how gaining entry into the field and how to getting out from the field. 2.1.1.1. Gaining Entry The most difficult stage of the field based research work was to gain access to the study field site. Due to the distinctive characteristics of the location, structure and surrounding environment, gaining entry into the study field site was not as easy as accessing people. Initially, individuals or representatives of the organization, who were selected as prospective respondents may have thought that the information they gave could be unsafe for them. They thought that data could be used against them to identify their weak points. Therefore, they tried to avoid the researcher as he was a stranger to them. The following discussion describes how this problem was overcome. 2.1.1.2. Getting out The required data for collecting taking a period of time. After evaluating the data and when the researcher is finding it satisfactory, the researcher feel that it is the time to close down data collection and leave the field. 2.1.2. Theoretical Orientation and Research Approach All research is conducted according to a set of ideas and judgements about the nature of the work and how it should be understood. It characterizes a wide view that defines, for its holder, the nature of the research, the individuals place in it, and the range of possible relationships to that research and its parts. In the research approach, one or more data collection techniques could be used (Neuman, 1994). In general, a researcher decides the data collection techniques (one or more) considering appropriateness based on the research and practical factors such as expectations of data quality, costs, assumed non response rates, level of error expectation and data collection period. 2.1.3. Sampling strategy: Principles and approaches Sampling strategy is an essential step in every research project since it is rarely realistic, capable or ethical to study whole populations. The selection and development of an appropriate sample strategy depends upon the aim of the study. In any study, both research questions and methods define the sampling plan, the type of sample used, and the number of the population of the study sample. The factors that may affect determination of the sample sizes and sampling plans are access to the subject population, the number of study variables, the desired level of efficiency, cost and time constraints. The sampling method refers to the determination of the sampling strategy. Quantitative or probability sampling strategy is aiming to draw a representative sample from the main population to eliminate conscious or subconscious biases that may occur when selecting samples and results can be generalised back to the population (Marshall, 1996). However, less rigorous or non-probability sampling strategy also used for the research study which does not ensure a representative sample (Kaplan, 1988; Kaplan and Maxwell, 1994). In non-probability sampling, there is an inherent risk of sampling bias because the populations of interest may not be represented accurately. In qualitative research, no strict criterion is suggested for sampling plan and sample size determination (Patton, 1990). In this paper the researcher describe some probability and non probability strategies. Stratified random sampling: Stratified random sampling is a combination of stratified sampling and random sampling. Stratified sampling can allow subgroups or strata to be studied in greater detail of population (Islam, 2005). The most common approach of representative sampling strategy is to use random or probability samples. In a random sample, the nature of the population is predefined and all populations have an equal chance of selection (Islam, 2005). In a stratified random sample strategy, the sampling population is initially categorised into non-overlapping groups or strata based on research aims (Pedhazur Schmelkin, 1991). Purposive sampling: Purposive sampling is a random selection of the sample of the population with the most information as possible as the study requires on the attribute within the segment (Bernard 2002; Lewis Sheppard, 2006). This sampling approach enables researchers to obtain the best information from a relatively small sample, and provides more freedom to the researcher in accessing the data and information (Bernard, 2002). 2.1.4. Quantitative approach and data collection Quantitative research is thought to be objective, in that in gaining, analysing and interpreting quantitative data, the researcher can remain detached. Quantitative research is a preference to test hypothesis and theory to produce results that could be generalised (Galal and McDonnel, 1997). Moreover, quantitative research uses structured data in the form of number or can be converted into number by using statistical and mathematical analysis according to research design to explore the result. 2.1.5. Qualitative approach and data collection Qualitative approaches to research are the way of studying where reality is based upon perceptions that are different from one person to another and can change over time (Urquhart, 2001). In this approach, different perceptions are put together to make wholes and meaning is produced (Rich and Ginsburg, 1999). Different meanings could come out due to perceptions which vary with the individual. In qualitative research, rigour is associated with openness, reliable adherence to a philosophical angle, thoroughness in collecting data, and consideration of all the data to produce a theory (Melia, 1996). Qualitative investigation is used as a range of philosophical approaches to interpretive research (Denzin and Lincoln, 2005). Qualitative methods can produce detailed valid data with diverse angles and allow the formulation of innovative theory with ideas for future study (Guba and Lincoln, 1994). 2.1.6. Sample selection There are different types of sample selection in the data collection. In this paper the researcher describe a sample selection process according to a stratified plan following Barnett (2002) and Patwary et al., (2009). 2.1.7. Qualitative modes of analysis Qualitative modes of analysis distinguish the incomparability of the subject under discussion in the research. This paper will show the interpretive modes of analysis of the qualitative data. 2.1.7.1. Interpretive research Interpretive research is based on the assumption of access to reality through social structures including language, perception and sharing of particular meanings. Hermeneutics and phenomenology is the philosophical base of the interpretive research approach (Boland, 1991). The interpretive research approach concentrates on the full complexity of human understanding as the situation appears with indeterminate dependent and independent variables (Kaplan and Maxwell, 1994). Hermeneutics: The hermeneutics approach is the process of original philosophy where the individual respondent makes sense of a written text in a situation which refers to the respondents story not the authors (Ratcliff, 1999; Bleacher, 1980). Phenomenology: Phenomenology describes the experience of consciousness of the theory with assumptions from different phenomena, such as natural science, in a structured way (Denzin, and Lincoln, 1994). It appears as multiple realities because of each individual have his/her own reality and perceptions. . Conclusion This paper work is very important because there has been detailed about epistemological concept and also one research approaches procedure. The research procedure was described in detail and how to conduct it in case of the methodology in an investigation. The overall process was just the conceptual overview of the investigation.

Three Types of Friends Essay -- Classification Essay, Friendship

There are many types of people in the world and many types of friends. Knowing that, it becomes all the more important to select the right people so that one might have the correct friends, but which types of friends are required? There are ten different types of friends that everybody should have, each fitting into one of three categories: the occasional friends, the benefactors and the greats. The first category, the occasional friends, encompasses three friend types. The first one is the grenade. This type of friend is usually annoying and tough to be around but they serve a critical purpose. They make you look better by comparison. Slightly better than the grenade, is the jerk with the heart of gold. Like the grenade they are generally annoying but unlike the grenade they are genuin... Three Types of Friends Essay -- Classification Essay, Friendship There are many types of people in the world and many types of friends. Knowing that, it becomes all the more important to select the right people so that one might have the correct friends, but which types of friends are required? There are ten different types of friends that everybody should have, each fitting into one of three categories: the occasional friends, the benefactors and the greats. The first category, the occasional friends, encompasses three friend types. The first one is the grenade. This type of friend is usually annoying and tough to be around but they serve a critical purpose. They make you look better by comparison. Slightly better than the grenade, is the jerk with the heart of gold. Like the grenade they are generally annoying but unlike the grenade they are genuin...

Eyesight :: essays research papers fc

Eyesight Vision is the learned ability to see for information and performance; it allows us to understand things that we cannot touch, taste, smell or hear. 20/20 vision does not mean perfect eyesight. 20/20 vision simply means that at a 20 ft. distance a person is able to see a certain letter than an average eye should be able to see at that distance. You can have 20/20 vision and lack the abilities to use your two eyes together as a team, to judge distances, to identify colors and to coordinate your eyes with hand and body movements. About four in ten people have "perfect" vision. There are also various eye disorders associated with eyesight such as astigmatism, farsightedness, and nearsightedness. Astigmatism is a condition in which vision at all distances may be blurred or distorted. An irregularly shaped cornea, causing light images to focus on two separate points in the eye, characterizes this condition. When the front of the eye is more oval than round, light does not focus properly on the back of the eye, also known as the retina. Astigmatism is not a disease, but is actually a vision condition that is quite common--only moderate to highly astigmatic eyes need corrective lenses. The signs and symptoms of severe astigmatism are blurred or distorted vision. For mild astigmatism the symptoms are headaches, eyestrain, fatigue, and blurred vision at certain angles. The causes of astigmatism are unclear. It may be genetically inherited or may result from various environmental factors such as poor lighting, incorrect posture, or an increased use of the eyes for close work. Another eye disorder is farsightedness, also known as hyperopia. With this disorder, objects are seen clearly far away but are blurry close up. The eyeball is too short for the lens to focus a clear image on the retina. More than half of all people who wear glasses are farsighted. The signs and symptoms of farsightedness are aching or burning eyes, suffering from eyestrain, general tension, fatigue or headaches after close work, becoming irritable or nervous after prolonged concentration, and difficulty concentrating and maintaining a clear focus on near objects. Nearsightedness also known as myopia, is a disorder where one can see clearly close up, but see blurry at a distance (for example, not being able to read the blackboard but being able to read a book). This occurs when the eyeball is too long or the cornea is too curved to focus on the retina.

Plutonium :: essays research papers

Plutonium   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Plutonium is a radioactive metallic element. Although it is occasionally found in nature, mostly all of our plutonium is produced artificially in a lab. The official chemical symbol for plutonium is Pu, coming from its first and third letters. Its atomic number is ninety-four. Plutonium is able to maintain its solid state until very high temperatures, melting at six hundred and forty degrees Celsius, and boiling at three thousand four hundred and sixty degrees. The density of Plutonium, at twenty degrees centigrade, is 19.86 grams per cubic centimeter.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Plutonium was discovered, in the laboratory, by Glenn Theodore Seaborg, and his associate Edward M. McMillan. The two shared the Nobel prize in 1951 for their discoveries of Plutonium, Americium (Am), Curium (Cm), Berkelium (Bk), and Californium (Cf). In addition, Seaborg later contributed to the discovery of three more radioactive elements, Einsteinium (Es), Mendelevium (Md), and Nobelium (No). Plutonium was Seaborg’s first discovery. Its name came from Pluto, the planet after Neptune for which Neptunium was named. In 1940, at the University of California at Berkeley, he bombarded a sample of Uranium with deuterons, the nuclei in atoms of deuterium, transmuting it into plutonium. Shortly after, Seaborg was able to isolate plutonium 239, an isotope used in atomic bombs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Plutonium is a highly dangerous and poisonous element because it rapidly gives off radiation in the form of alpha particles. Alpha particles, which are identical to the nucleus of a helium atom, consist of two protons and two neutrons tightly bound together. Although the particles can only travel about five centimeters in the air, they can cause great damage when the enter the body, causing cancer and other serious health problems. Beyond the danger of their radiation, Plutonium will spontaneously explode when a certain amount, called critical mass, is kept together. Soon after the discovery of Plutonium, it was discovered that at least two oxidation states existed. It is now known to exist in oxidation states of +3, +4, +5, and +6.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Currently, there are fifteen known isotopes of Plutonium, with mass numbers ranging between 232 and 246. The most important isotope is plutonium 239, or Pu-239. When struck by a neutron, this isotope undergoes a process called fission. In fission, When struck by a neutron, the nucleus of the plutonium atom is split into two nearly equal parts, and energy is released. Although the energy released by one atom is not much, the splitting of the nucleus releases more neutrons, which strike more plutonium atoms. This process, called a chain- reaction, produces enormous amounts of energy. This energy is often used to power nuclear reactors, or to provide the energy for nuclear weapons.

Immanuel Kant: An Advocate of Modern Deontology Essay

Deontologists claim that an action or a moral rule is right because of its own nature, even if it fails to bring about the greatest good. Deontology is critically based on duty (deontos) – a moral obligation we have towards another person, a group or society as a whole. In this sense, deontology is concerned with the intrinsic properties of actions, not their end result. Immanuel Kant is arguably the most famous advocate of modern deontology. According to Kant, moral law is synthetic apriori and took an absolutist approach. Kant argued that since everyone possesses the capacity to reason and has a conscience, it would be possible for all people to arrive at an understanding of moral truths without the need for experience. He claimed because reason is universal, moral reasoning would lead to the same results over and over again. Kant belived that obedience to the moral law is a ‘categorical imperative’ – an absolute and unconditional duty on all people to act morally in the correct way. He said that true morality should not depend on individual likes and dislikes or on abilities, opertunitities of external circumstances. Obedience to a moral command is an end in itself. Personal preferences(intuition) cannot be trusted as a reliable guide to what is morally right. Duty is more important, and to this end, he advocated the principle of universalisbility’ which requires people to ‘act in such a way that their actions might become a universal law. Universalisable principles apply to everyone. In his ‘formula of kingdom ends’, Kant claimed that every action should be undertaken as if the individual were ‘a law-making member of a kingdom of ends’ this should ensure that every individual appreciates the significance of his/her part in establishing moral guidelines and rules. Furthermore, the ‘formula of the end in itself’ ensures people are vauled for the intrinsic, not instrumental worth, while the formula of autonomy’ stresses that a moral action must be genuinely free if it is to be genuinely good.